A kidney stone usually remains symptomless until it moves into the ureter. When symptoms of kidney stones become apparent, they commonly include:

• severe pain in the groin and/or side
• blood in urine
• vomiting and nausea
• white blood cells or pus in the urine
• reduced amount of urine excreted
• burning sensation during urination
• persistent urge to urinate
• fever and chills if there is an infection

Causes

• The leading cause of kidney stones is a lack of water in the body.
• Stones are more commonly found in individuals who drink less than the recommended eight to ten glasses of water a day.
• When there is not enough water to dilute the uric acid, a component of urine, the urine becomes more acidic.
• An excessively acidic environment in urine can lead to the formation of kidney stones.
• Medical conditions such as Crohn’s disease, urinary tract infections, renal tubular acidosis, hyperparathyroidism, medullary sponge kidney, and Dent’s disease increase the risk of kidney stones.

Risk factors

• Kidney stones are more common among males than females. Most people who experience kidney stones do so between the ages of 30 and 50 years. A family history of kidney stones also increases one’s chances of developing them.
• Similarly, a previous kidney stone occurrence increases the risk that a person will develop subsequent stones in the future if preventative action is not taken.
• Certain medications can increase the risk of developing kidney stones. Scientists found that topiramate (Topamax), a drug commonly prescribed to treat seizures and migraine headaches, can increase the likelihood of kidney stones developing.
• Additionally, it is possible that long-term use of vitamin D and calcium supplements cause high calcium levels, which can contribute to kidney stones.
• Additional risk factors for kidney stones include diets that are high in protein and sodium but low in calcium, a sedentary lifestyle, obesity, high blood pressure, and conditions that affect how calcium is absorbed in the body such as gastric bypass surgery, inflammatory bowel disease, and chronic diarrhea.

The Journal of Clinical Nephrology and Therapeutics  publishes scientific manuscripts that are directly or indirectly based on variegated aspects of clinical nephrology, diabetic nephropathy, pediatric nephrology, renal physiology, renal histopathology, immunobiology, intensive care nephrology and ischemic nephropathy.

The journal most specifically emphasizes on the propagation of research developments that may contribute in the furtherance of research and clinical implementation of novel tools as well as adept clinical techniques including renal transplantation, dialysis, diagnostic kidney imaging, aging and kidney disease, hemodialysis, body fluid volume composition, nephron endowment and erythropoietin therapy.

The journal accepts original submissions in the form of Research Articles, Review Articles, Short Communications, Opinion Articles, Case Reports and Commentaries. Acceptance or rejection of the manuscript solely depends upon the comments of independent reviewers. Positive review by at least two reviewers is mandatory for the acceptance and publication of any citable manuscript.

You may submit manuscripts as an email attachment to the following mail-id: clinnephrol@emedscholar.com

Kind Regards,
Mercedes Rose
Editorial Team
Journal of Clinical Nephrology and Therapeutic

WhatsApp: +44 1470-490003